Plant Critical Habitat, Save Money on Water Bills

In 2006, the Nature Reserve of Orange County successfully relocated the cactus wrens observed in this video to protected lands in the coastal reserve. Dana Kamada shot this video.

If you live between sea level and 600 feet in Orange or San Diego counties, plant cactus scrub in your backyard. Not only will you save money on your water bill but you'll help save a threatened species, the coastal cactus wren.

The coastal cactus wren is vanishing from California’s Pacific slope. Driving through the foothills of San Pasqual Valley in San Diego County, I recently saw why. Blackened and yellowing prickly pears, some melted like rubber, marred the southern slopes of the hills. The cactus wren builds nests in prickly pear and cholla, using the prickers like barbed wire against predators. But the wren needs mature stands at least a meter tall, and the cacti take decades to recover from fire. According to Jonathan Atwood, director of the conservation biology program at Antioch University, the cactus wrens are more threatened than California gnatcatchers, a federally listed species. That's because cactus wrens have a smaller total population, more fragmented distribution, more specialized habitat needs, and are underemphasized in habitat reserve design. But one issue complicates preservation, making this an even more interesting and important story: the cactus wren is not considered a separate subspecies, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has issued a controversial ruling that the bird does not warrant federal protection.

With half a million people moving to California each year, conservationists are bracing themselves for more wildfires. They warn that to save the cactus wren, gnatcatcher and other species in coastal Southern California, people must slow the frequency of human-caused wildfires and quickly plant and restore coastal sage, not just in reserves but also in homeowner's yards.

Wildfire Slideshow

Media Meltdown!

In his article "Money Is the Real Green Power: The hoax of eco-friendly nuclear energy" in the current Extra!, Karl Grossman is right to call out the New York Times and other media outlets for failing to give more balanced coverage of nuclear power. I think it shows how short our memories are. I can remember watching “The Day After” in high school and imaging how I would be vaporized by the firestorm. The two mortal dangers of nuclear power, proliferation and waste disposal, are as insoluble today as they were 20 years ago.

Nuclear power is not clean power. Just ask workers at Rocky Flatts or Chernobyl. The United States has 50,000 tons of high-level civilian nuclear waste stored at 70 sites around the country. We’re creating 2,000 tons more each year. And we have no place to put it for the next few thousand years. Yucca Mountain, the only site being considered for a long-term geological repository, was supposed to open in 1988, 20 years ago. The stuff is so dangerous they don’t know how to move it there safely, or how to keep it safely buried 1,000 feet below a barren mountain on the fringe of the Nevada Test Site.

Proponents of nuclear power say the solution is right around the corner, but they’ve been saying that for 40 years. Grossman questions the integrity of Patrick Moore, co-founder of Greenpeace, who he writes is being paid by the Nuclear Energy Institute. But even if a handful of environmentalists have become nuclear advocates based on their conscience that doesn’t mean the whole environmental community is on board. I don’t blame some environmentalists for wanting to at least keep the nuclear option on the table. I have not seen any solid figures yet that renewables and efficiency will be able to pick up the slack from coal. The figures are daunting. The Energy Information Administration reported that of the 4,065 Billion KWh generated in 2006, coal accounted for 49 percent, nuclear 19.4 percent, and renewables 2.4 percent.

Grossman attacks the newspapers for neglecting to mention that nuclear plants have a carbon lifecycle of their own. However, I think its trivial compared to the lifecycle of a coal-fired plant. Coal plants emit 2,249 pounds of CO2 per MWh; oil 1,672, and natural gas 1,135, according to the EPA. Nuclear plants emit zero. Zero! You can see why a Greenpeace activist is beginning to sound like Ike when he gave his “Atoms for Peace” speech. I can’t imagine that mining uranium and building a nuclear plant is going to equal that much CO2, even considering what a gargantuan construction projects they are. Of course, mining coal and building a coal-fired plant isn’t like building a room above your garage.

Yes, nuclear power is a mature, proven technology, but I’ll take my chances that solar, wind, tidal, and other real renewable technologies will become highly efficient and productive over the next decade, the time it takes to get a permit and build a nuclear plant.

The nuclear industry has more than image problems. The 2005 Energy Policy Act analyzed why no new nucs have been built. The reasons included relatively high capital costs, regulatory concerns and risks. Challenges facing nuclear are spent fuel, liability allocation, safety and political acceptance. A 2002 EIA study compared the estimated costs of building a nuclear plant to the actual costs in the 1980s. The estimated cost was a close to $1,000 per kilowatt; the actual cost was more like $4,000 per kilowatt.

Maybe its good for us to have a limit on electricity, like an unhealthy body fat level that if we reach it we should change our lifestyle and diet. I’m definitely not ready to go back down the road toward nuclear holocaust so dumb asses can have McMansions. I’m worried about a terrorist flying a plane into the pool of spent fuel languishing at the nuke plant. I'm thinking of the next Dr. A.Q. Khan who wants to make millions on the nuclear black market.

I applaud Grossman for being a watchdog of the nuclear industry. But I’m not as convinced of the Times' editors' pro-nuclear faith. Just look at the two stories Matthew L. Wald wrote in one week in February highlighting the downsides of nuclear. See “As Nuclear Waste Languishes, Expense to U.S. Rises” and “Report Warns of Threat to Campus Reactors”

It’s such a hoot to hear the Bush administration pushing nuclear energy. Remember what Dick Cheney said about the need to find Saddam’s WMD, “We don't want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud.”

Why Isn't Adaptation to Climate Change a Hot Issue?

The media generates tons of greenhouse gas mitigation stories but not enough about the need to adapt to the coming storms. We should not only work on mitigating causes of global warming but also on mitigating the effects. One reason the media neglects this important story is because environmentalists and politicians rarely talk about it. Environmentalist may be afraid that adaptation could be used as an excuse not to curb greenhouse gases. Maybe adaptation just doesn't capture people's imaginations the way electric cars and wind turbines the size of 747 jet planes do.

This NASA satellite image above shows wildfires blazing in California on Oct. 23, 2007. Fire activity is shown with red pixels. Plumes of smoke can be seen blowing out over the Pacific Ocean. Scientists have done studies and found that global warming is increasing wildfire activity in the Western United States. It might be time for elected officials to push new building codes and zoning for fireproofing homes and preventing building in indefensible places. This is an example of adapting to climate change.

While it's reassuring that President George Bush addressed climate change in his State of the Union address and the Democratic presidential candidates discussed the issue in their debates, the term adaptation never comes up. There's no reason why we can't work on mitigation and adaptation at the same time. In fact, we would be stupid not to.

World Bank President Robert Zoellick made a statement about this during his trip to China in December: "For developing countries the adaptation challenge is as important, if not more so, than the mitigation challenge, but there has been less work on adaptation.”

In November I toured the National Center Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, where I heard a presentation by Gerald A. Meehl, a research scientist. Meehl spoke about research he and other scientists had done on "committed warming." In short, greenhouse gases we produced in the 20th century have committed us to further climate change in the 21st century. Even if we could stabilize our concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere yesterday,we can expect our planet to warm an average of 1 degree C per decade for at least the next three decades. It takes centuries for warming to reach the bottom of the ocean and so the heating of the ocean is lagging behind the heating of the earth's surface. He and his colleagues reached their findings using computer modeling, backed up by real world observations. A few years ago, scientists began taking the oceans' temperature from boats and by deploying Argo floats worldwide to measure underwater temperatures as deep as 2,000 meters.

Even supercomputers make mistakes, but it makes good sense to prepare for the effects of climate change. Below are some excellent sites to learn about adaptation to climate change.

I was encouraged to find that Marketplace, produced and distributed by American Public Media, did a series called “Plan B: Adapting to a Warmer World”

IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Working Group II did an asessment report “Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability” which can be found in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fourth Assessment Report, Chapter 17: Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity

NCAR's Societal-Environmental Research and Education Laboratory is working to better understand these impacts and to help decision makers anticipate and respond to them.


NCAR's Center for Capacity Building

Where did all the real men go?

Where did all the real men go?

Endocrinology has given us another theory on why there are not real men left in the world.

The next time your girlfriend says your not a real man, tell her its not your fault, it’s all the estrogen and endocrine disruptors in the drinking water, in your plastic water bottle, your shampoo, the plastic liner in the can of beans, all the tofu and soy milk you drink.

If the Associated Press’ investigative story on drugs in our drinking water has wet your appetite to learn more about trace amounts of drugs accumulating in your liver and other organs, here's an audio file from a lecture given by Dr. David Norris.

The same week Associated Press came out with its sweeping investigative story about pharmaceuticals in our drinking water, I heard Dr. David Norris' lecture on "Environmental Estrogens: Sex, Lies and Water Supplies." He talks about the evidence that estrogen may be turning male fish into female fish Norris and his grad students made the startling discovery that white sucker fish in Boulder Creek, downstream from where the Boulder wastewater treatment plant was releasing effluent into the creek, were developing female sex organs. Norris is a professor of Integrative Physiology department at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Norris has given this speech many times, and I think he does a good job of explaining endocrinology in lay terms. Here is an audio recording of the lecture he gave on March 11, 2008 at the Boulder Public Library. Estrogen is a natural hormone found in every sewer system, and researchers also say that chemical compounds derived from detergents or in personal care products, plastics and the like can mimic estrogen.

Here's a few links to related sites:

http://scienceblogs.com/chaoticutopia/2008/02/theres_what_in_the_water.php

http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/pharmawater_i;_ylt=Av3hcO_tBxm5krXrR8cgqgRH2ocA

http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080311/ap_on_re_us/pharmawater_senate_hearings;_ylt=As2X4ciCGLR_ZMe.OA2hAAFG2ocA

National Ice Core Laboratory

I and the other Ted Scripps Fellows went on a tour of the U.S. National Ice Core Laboratory in Denver. The NICL holds 13,000 meters of ice, the largest and most comprehensive collection of polar ice cores in the world. Our guide was Dr. Todd Hinkley and this audio is the speech he gave before leading us into the freezer where the ice is stored. There is a humming sound in the background from the freezer but his voice is audible. The temperature in the freezer was -30 degrees Fahrenheit. I didn't dare take my digital recorder in the freezer but I brought in my camera and snapped these photo.

A Waiver to Breath?

The people of California can't catch a break, or their breath. The U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals rammed the state's efforts make the air around its ports more breathable. About 40 percent of the nation's container cargo goes through ports in Oakland, Long Beach and Los Angeles.

On Thursday, Feb. 28, the appeals court ruled that the state's ship emissions rule is preempted by federal Clean Air Act. Now the state must go begging for a waiver from the EPA, the same agency California is suing for denying it a waiver to regulate global warming pollution from vehicles.

In January 2007, California Air Resources Board started forcing ships to use low-sulfur fuel while running auxiliary diesel engines within 24 miles of the coast. Most ships run their auxiliary engines on bunker fuel, a dirtier fuel that is a major source of air pollution around ports.

In August a federal judge barred the state from enforcing the regulation, saying the state needed EPA approval. The lower court's decision was prompted by a lawsuit filed by the Pacific Merchant Shipping Assn., a group whose ships use the port of Oakland. The 9th Circuit upheld that decision. Now California must choose between appealing to the U.S. Supreme Court or seeking a waiver from the EPA. Don't hold your breath.

Meanwhile residents in port cities like West Oakland keep choking on diesel fumes. Children in West Oakland are seven times more likely to be hospitalized for asthma than the average child in California. For a better understanding of what the residents of West Oakland must live with, see West Oakland Residents Choking on Diesel Exhaust by the nonpartisan Pacific Institute.

The 9th Circuit's interpretation of the Clean Air Act sounds legally reasonable. But this is the kind of decision that makes ordinary people cynical and furious. The detriments to human health from diesel fumes and particulates are now well documented. The shipping companies haul in billions of dollars in profits and can easily afford to clean up their act.

Unfortunately for those who live near ports, the diesel trucks and trains that pick up the containers at the ports and distribute them, contribute as much pollution as the ships or more.

For a big picture look at ports and air quality see "U.S. Container Ports and Air Pollution: a Perfect Storm," findings of a 10-month effort in 2007 by Energy Futures that assessed air pollution control efforts at America’s top 10 container ports.